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<title>Transference</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Transference_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Transference (disambiguation)">Transference (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Sigmund Freud's couch</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li>

<li><a href="Erikson's_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Id%2C_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial_(Freud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li>

<li><a href="Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li>

<li><a href="R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1899)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1901)</span></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory<br>of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></div></li>

<li><i><a href="Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1912)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1920)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1964)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1972)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1989)</span></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li>

<li><a href="Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of<br>Psychoanalysis</a></div></li>

<li><a href="British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for<br>Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li>

<li><a href="International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APsychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Transference</b> (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Übertragung</i>) is a phenomenon within <a href="Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> in which <a href="Repetition_compulsion" title="Repetition compulsion">repetitions</a> of old <a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">feelings</a>, <a href="Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, <a href="Philosophy_of_desire" title="Philosophy of desire">desires</a>, or <a href="Fantasy_(psychology)" title="Fantasy (psychology)">fantasies</a> that someone <a href="Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">displaces</a> are subconsciously <a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projected</a> onto a <a href="Social_environment" title="Social environment">here-and-now</a> person.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3Coreys_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Coreys-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, it had solely concerned feelings from a primary relationship during childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3Coreys_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Coreys-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Transference was first described by <a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the founder of <a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, who considered it an important part of psychoanalytic treatment. Transference of this kind can be considered inappropriate without proper <a href="Clinical_supervision" title="Clinical supervision">clinical supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div>

<p>It is common for people to transfer feelings about their parents to their partners or children (that is, cross-generational entanglements). Other examples of transference would be a person mistrusting somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or being overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend.

</p><p>In <i>The Psychology of the Transference</i>, <a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> states that within the transference <a href="Dyad_(sociology)" title="Dyad (sociology)">dyad</a>, both participants typically experience a variety of opposites, that in love and in psychological growth, the key to success is the ability to endure the tension of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tension allows one to grow and to transform.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Only in a personally or socially harmful context can transference be described as a pathological issue. A modern, social-cognitive perspective on transference explains how it can occur in everyday life. When people meet a new person who reminds them of someone else, they unconsciously infer that the new person has traits similar to the person previously known.<sup id="cite_ref-soccogtrans_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soccogtrans-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective has generated a wealth of research that illuminated how people tend to repeat relationship patterns from the past in the present.

</p><p><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> held that transference plays a large role in male homosexuality. In <i>The Ego and the Id</i>, he claimed that eroticism between males can be an outcome of a "[psychically] non-economic" hostility, which is unconsciously subverted into love and sexual attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transference_and_counter-transference_during_psychotherapy">Transference and counter-transference during psychotherapy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">Displacement (psychology)</a> and <a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a>, <a href="Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a>, and <a href="Egosyntonic_and_egodystonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egosyntonic and egodystonic">Egosyntonic and egodystonic</a></div>

<p>Transference will appear in the <a href="Loaded_language" title="Loaded language"><i>full speech</i></a> that occurs during <a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a>, revealing the <a href="Inverse_(logic)" title="Inverse (logic)">inverse</a> of the subject's past, within the here and now, and the analyst will hear which of the <a href="Four_discourses" title="Four discourses">four discourses</a> the subject's desire has been <a href="Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymically</a> shifted to, beyond the ego, leading to a <a href="Egosyntonic_and_egodystonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Egosyntonic and egodystonic">dystonic</a> form of <a href="Psychological_resistance" title="Psychological resistance">resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a therapy context, transference refers to redirection of a patient's feelings for a significant person to the therapist. Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, <a href="Parentification" title="Parentification">parentification</a>, extreme dependence, or even placing the therapist in a god-like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transference in his therapy with patients, he thought he was encountering patient resistance, as he recognized the phenomenon when a patient refused to participate in a session of <a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a>. But what he learned was that the analysis of the transference was actually the work that needed to be done: "the transference, which, whether affectionate or hostile, seemed in every case to constitute the greatest threat to the treatment, becomes its best tool".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus in <a href="Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">psychodynamic psychotherapy</a> is, in large part, the therapist and patient recognizing the transference relationship and exploring the relationship's meaning. Since the transference between patient and therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who are largely concerned with a patient's unconscious material use the transference to reveal unresolved conflicts patients have with childhood figures.

</p><p><a href="Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

is defined as redirection of a therapist's feelings toward a patient, or more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a patient. A therapist's attunement to their own countertransference is nearly as critical as understanding the transference. Not only does this help therapists regulate their emotions in the <a href="Therapeutic_relationship" title="Therapeutic relationship">therapeutic relationship</a>, but it also gives therapists valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit from them. For example, a therapist who is sexually attracted to a patient must understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction. Once any countertransference aspect has been identified, the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist, and can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears.

</p><p>Another contrasting perspective on transference and countertransference is offered in <a href="Classical_Adlerian_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Adlerian psychotherapy">classical Adlerian psychotherapy</a>. Rather than using the patient's transference strategically in therapy, the positive or <a href="Negative_transference" title="Negative transference">negative transference</a> is diplomatically pointed out and explained as an obstacle to cooperation and improvement. For the therapist, any signs of countertransference would suggest that his or her own personal <a href="Training_analysis_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Training analysis (psychotherapy)">training analysis</a> needs to be continued to overcome these tendencies. Andrea Celenza noted in 2010 that "the use of the analyst's countertransference remains a point of controversy".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Acting_in" title="Acting in">Acting in</a></li>

<li><a href="Body-centred_countertransference" title="Body-centred countertransference">Body-centred countertransference</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_(psychoanalysis)" title="Demand (psychoanalysis)">Demand (psychoanalysis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">Displacement (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Infatuation#In_transference" title="Infatuation">Infatuation § In transference</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_process" title="Parallel process">Parallel process</a></li>

<li><a href="Parataxic_distortion" title="Parataxic distortion">Parataxic distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Projective_identification" title="Projective identification">Projective identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Repetition_compulsion" title="Repetition compulsion">Repetition compulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Transference_neurosis" title="Transference neurosis">Transference neurosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_through" title="Working through">Working through</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGladding2018" class="citation book cs1">Gladding, Samuel (2018). <i>Family Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice</i> (7 ed.). Pearson. p. 215. <q>Transference is the projection of feelings, attitudes, or desires onto a significant other such as a therapist (Levy & Scala, 2012).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2020" class="citation book cs1">Corey, Gerald (2020). <i>Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy</i>. Cengage Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <q>Transference is the client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings, attitudes, and fantasies (both positive and negative) that are reactions to significant others in the client's past. Transference involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present. 'It reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life' (Luborsky et al., 2011, p. 47). [...] Not every positive response (such as liking the therapist) should be labeled 'positive transference.' Conversely, a client's anger toward the therapist may be a function of the therapist's behavior; it is a mistake to label all negative reactions as signs of 'negative transference.'</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3Coreys-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3Coreys_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3Coreys_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoreyCoreyCorey2020" class="citation book cs1">Corey, G.; Corey, M. S.; Corey, C. (2020). <i>Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions</i> (10 ed.). Cengage Limited. p. 47. <q>Transference is the process whereby clients project onto their therapists past feelings or attitudes they had toward their caregivers or significant people in their lives. Transference is understood as having its origins in early childhood and constitutes a repetition of past themes in the present. [...] Transference is not a catch-all concept intended to explain every feeling clients express toward a therapist. Many reactions clients have toward counselors are based on the here-and-now style the counselor exhibits.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaren1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen, Horney</a> (1939). <i>New Ways in Psychoanalysis</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 167. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-31230-0</bdi>. <q>I do not think it is of any consequence whether we keep or drop the term transference, provided we divorce it from the one-sidedness of its original meaning: the reactivation of past feelings.</q></cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKapelovitz1987" class="citation book cs1">Kapelovitz, Leonard H. (1987). <i>To Love and To Work/A Demonstration and Discussion of Psychotherapy</i>. p. 66.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (8th ed. 1976).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (2nd College Ed. 1970).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung, Carl C.</a> <i>The Psychology of the Transference</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-691-01752-2</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-soccogtrans-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soccogtrans_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen, S. M. & Berk., M. (1998). The social-cognitive model of transference: Experiencing past relationships in the present. <i>Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(4)</i>, 109-115.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freud, S. (1960). <i>The ego and the id</i>. J. Strachey (Ed.). (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton. (Original work published 1923)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDulsster2022" class="citation book cs1">Dulsster, Dries G. M. (2022). <i>The Reign of Speech: On Applied Lacanian Psychoanalysis</i>. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-85596-3">10.1007/978-3-030-85596-3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-85595-6</bdi>. <q>[S]peech in psychoanalysis cannot be distinguished from transference. [...] Lacan refers to Freud who defined transference as: 'the assumption of his own history by the subject, in the measure that he is constituted by the speech directed to another' (Lacan, 1974).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i>Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis</i> (PFL 1) p. 496</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Horacio_Etchegoyen" title="Horacio Etchegoyen">Horacio Etchegoyen</a>: <i>The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique</i>, Karnac Books ed., New Ed, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85575-455-X</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCelenza2010" class="citation journal cs1">Celenza, Andrea (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15240657.2010.513222">"The guilty pleasure of erotic countertransference: searching for radial true"</a>. <i>Studies in Gender and Sexuality</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>183. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15240657.2010.513222">10.1080/15240657.2010.513222</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Heinrich_Racker" title="Heinrich Racker">Heinrich Racker</a>, <i>Transference and Counter-Transference</i>, Publisher: International Universities Press, 2001, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8236-8323-0</bdi>.</li>

<li>Herbert A Rosenfeld, <i>Impasse And Interpretation</i>, 1987, Taylor & Francis Ltd, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-01012-8</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Harold_Searles" title="Harold Searles">Harold Searles</a>, <i>Countertransference and related subjects; selected papers</i>, Publisher New York, International Universities Press, 1979, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8236-1085-3</bdi>.</li>

<li><a href="Horacio_Etchegoyen" title="Horacio Etchegoyen">Horacio Etchegoyen</a>, <i>The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique</i>, Publisher: Karnac Books, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85575-455-X</bdi>.</li>

<li>Margaret Little, <i>Transference Neurosis and Transference Psychosis</i>, Publisher: Jason Aronson; 1993, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56821-074-4</bdi>.</li>

<li>Nathan Schwartz-Salant, <i>Transference and Countertransference</i>, Publisher: Chrion, 1984 (Reissued 1992), <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-933029-63-2</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freudfile.org/psychoanalysis/transference.html">On Transference</a>, Freudian quotes on transference.</li></ul>

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<li><a href="Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br>behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_counseling" title="Telephone counseling">Telephone therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Support_group" title="Support group">Support group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li>

<li><a href="R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sigmund_Freud120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sigmund_Freud120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="On_Aphasia" title="On Aphasia">On Aphasia</a></i> (1891)</li>

<li><i><a href="Studies_on_Hysteria" title="Studies on Hysteria">Studies on Hysteria</a></i> (1895)</li>

<li><a href="The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams"><i>The Interpretation of Dreams</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(including <i>On Dreams</i>)</span></a> (1899)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></i> (1901)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jokes_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Unconscious" title="Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious">Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious</a></i> (1905)</li>

<li><i><a href="Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a></i> (1913)</li>

<li><i><a href="Introduction_to_Psychoanalysis" title="Introduction to Psychoanalysis">Introduction to Psychoanalysis</a></i> (1916–17)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" title="The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a></i> (1917)</li>

<li><i><a href="Group_Psychology_and_the_Analysis_of_the_Ego" title="Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego">Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego</a></i> (1921)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Question_of_Lay_Analysis" title="The Question of Lay Analysis">The Question of Lay Analysis</a></i> (1926)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Future_of_an_Illusion" title="The Future of an Illusion">The Future of an Illusion</a></i> (1927)</li>

<li><i><a href="Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> (1930)</li>

<li><i><a href="Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i> (1939)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="The_Aetiology_of_Hysteria" title="The Aetiology of Hysteria">The Aetiology of Hysteria</a>" (1896)</li>

<li><i><a href="Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a></i> (1905)</li>

<li><i><a href="Delusion_and_Dream_in_Jensen's_Gradiva" title="Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva">Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva</a></i> (1907)</li>

<li><i><a href="Creative_Writers_and_Day-Dreaming" title="Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming">Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming</a></i> (1908)</li>

<li><i><a href="Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_A_Memory_of_His_Childhood" title="Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood">Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood</a></i> (1910)</li>

<li><i><a href="On_Narcissism" title="On Narcissism">On Narcissism</a></i> (1914)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" title="The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a></i> (1914)</li>

<li><a href="Some_Character-Types_Met_with_in_Psycho-Analytic_Work" title="Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work">Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work</a> (1915)</li>

<li><i><a href="Thoughts_for_the_Times_on_War_and_Death" title="Thoughts for the Times on War and Death">Thoughts for the Times on War and Death</a></i> (1916)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mourning_and_Melancholia" title="Mourning and Melancholia">Mourning and Melancholia</a></i> (1918)</li>

<li><i><a href="Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></i> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="Medusa's_Head" title="Medusa's Head">Medusa's Head</a> (1922)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dostoevsky_and_Parricide" title="Dostoevsky and Parricide">Dostoevsky and Parricide</a></i> (1928)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dora_(case_study)" title="Dora (case study)">"Dora" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ida Bauer)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Eckstein" title="Emma Eckstein">Emma Eckstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Graf" title="Herbert Graf">Herbert Graf <span style="font-size: 85%;">("Little Hans")</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Irma's_injection" title="Irma's injection">Irma's injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_O." class="mw-redirect" title="Anna O.">"Anna O."</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Bertha_Pappenheim" title="Bertha Pappenheim">Bertha Pappenheim</a>)</span></li>

<li><a href="Sergei_Pankejeff" title="Sergei Pankejeff">Sergei Pankejeff <span style="font-size: 85%;">("Wolfman")</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Paul_Schreber" title="Daniel Paul Schreber">Daniel Paul Schreber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original<br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Id%2C_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li>

<li><a href="Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li>

<li><a href="Ego_ideal" title="Ego ideal">Ego ideal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_(psychoanalysis)" title="Censorship (psychoanalysis)">censorship</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oral_stage" title="Oral stage">Oral stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Anal_stage" title="Anal stage">Anal stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Phallic_stage" title="Phallic stage">Phallic stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Latency_stage" title="Latency stage">Latency stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Genital_stage" title="Genital stage">Genital stage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a>

<ul><li><a href="Father_complex" title="Father complex">Father complex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deferred_obedience" title="Deferred obedience">Deferred obedience</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality_principle" title="Reality principle">Reality principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Freud's_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">Seduction theory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sigmund_Freud_bibliography" title="Sigmund Freud bibliography">Bibliography</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud" title="The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud">complete works</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud_Archives" title="Sigmund Freud Archives">Archives</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)" title="Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)">Vienna home and museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">London home and museum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_Sigmund_Freud%2C_Hampstead" title="Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead">1971 statue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Freud_Corner_(Golders_Green_Crematorium)" title="Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)">Interment</a></li>

<li><a href="Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li>

<li><a href="Humor_in_Freud" title="Humor in Freud">Humor</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_circle_(psychoanalysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner circle (psychoanalysis)">Inner circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Freudianism" title="Neo-Freudianism">Neo-Freudianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud's_views_on_homosexuality" title="Sigmund Freud's views on homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmund_Freud's_views_on_religion" title="Sigmund Freud's views on religion">Religious views</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br>depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Freud%3A_The_Secret_Passion" title="Freud: The Secret Passion">Freud: The Secret Passion</a></i> (1962 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Visitor_(play)" title="The Visitor (play)">The Visitor</a></i> (1993 play)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a></i> (2010 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a></i> (2011 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="Freud_(TV_series)" title="Freud (TV series)">Freud</a></i> (2020 TV series)</li>

<li><i><a href="Freud's_Last_Session" title="Freud's Last Session">Freud's Last Session</a></i> (2023 film)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freud_family" title="Freud family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays (wife)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud (daughter)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst L. Freud (son)</a></li>

<li><a href="Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud (grandson)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud (grandson)</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Freud" title="Walter Freud">Walter Freud (grandson)</a></li>

<li><a href="Amalia_Freud" title="Amalia Freud">Amalia Freud (mother)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Freud" title="Jacob Freud">Jacob Freud (father)</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernay (nephew)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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